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Home > Industry News

Why are Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries Safer Than Ternary Batteries?

Views : 414
Author : HY-Megan
Update time : 2025-04-02 13:50:01
In recent years, lithium iron phosphate batteries have gradually become the mainstream choice in the field of energy storage and electric vehicles due to their safety advantages. In contrast, ternary lithium batteries (such as NCM and NCA) have higher energy density, but they frequently have spontaneous combustion accidents.



1.The core reason: chemical structure determines stability

(1) Olivine structure of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄).
The cathode material of lithium iron phosphate battery adopts olivine-type crystal structure, which has the following characteristics:
high thermal stability: the decomposition temperature is as high as 500 °C or more (ternary lithium battery is only about 200 °C), and it is not easy to release oxygen to cause combustion;
Stable lithium-ion intercalation/expulsion path: reduce the risk of material structure collapse and reduce the probability of side reactions.

(2) Thermal runaway hidden danger of ternary lithium battery
The cathode material (e.g., NCM) of ternary lithium battery is a layered structure, and its characteristics lead to:
High temperature is easy to decompose: oxygen begins to be released at about 200°C, which reacts violently with the electrolyte, causing thermal runaway.
Sensitive to impurities: Trace metal impurities can catalyze thermal runaway reactions.

2.Safety comparison: Measured data speaks
Test items Lithium iron phosphate battery Ternary lithium battery
Hot box test No fire or explosion at 300°C 180°C triggers thermal runaway and intense combustion
Overcharge protection Support 3C overcharge (non-combustible when charged to 5V) If 1C is overcharged, it may catch fire
Acupuncture experiments 100% pass rate (mandatory requirement of national standard) Most of them fail and need to rely on BMS protection
Case Evidence:
In 2022, a brand of electric vehicles will be recalled due to ternary battery thermal runaway, but models of the same brand equipped with lithium iron phosphate batteries do not have similar problems.
In China's power battery safety test standard (GB 38031-2020), lithium iron phosphate batteries can pass more stringent acupuncture and extrusion tests.

3.Application scenario: a security-first field

(1) Energy storage power station
Large-scale energy storage systems require long-term stable operation, and the low spontaneous combustion risk of lithium iron phosphate batteries makes them the first choice for power grid peak shaving and wind and solar storage projects.

(2) public transport
High-density vehicles such as subways and electric buses use lithium iron phosphate batteries to avoid catastrophic accidents caused by collisions or overheating.

(3)Equipment for extreme environments
In high or low temperature environments such as deserts and polar regions, the wide temperature adaptability of lithium iron phosphate batteries is significantly better than that of ternary batteries.

4.Future trend: technological breakthrough of lithium iron phosphate batteries

(1) Structural innovation: BYD blade battery and CATL CTP technology further improve energy density while maintaining safety.

(2) Material upgrading: Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) cathode material takes into account high voltage and high stability, and the energy density is expected to exceed 200Wh/kg.

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